Wrestling Mind

Learning software programming

2011-12-07T02:30:00.012-05:00

1. The C programming language, 2nd edition, Kernighan and Ritchie.
http://www.inf.unideb.hu/grafika/eng/rtornai/Kernighan_Ritchie_Language_C.pdf

2. End of File
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-of-file

3. Solutions to Kernighan & Ritchie's exercise examples
http://users.powernet.co.uk/eton/kandr2/krx1.html
http://users.powernet.co.uk/eton/kandr2/index.html this is the link for all solutions.

4. Solution to htoi function : hexadecimal to integer

http://www.alexanderdickson.com/blog/2010/08/converting-hexadecimal-to-decimal-in-c/

5. Solution to "C programming languauge" by Kernighan and Ritchie
This link has all ".c" file, directly run in visual studio.
http://diuf.unifr.ch/pai/education/2011_2012/ip/index.php?page=labs/index.php&subpage=labs/krx/krx1/index.php

6. Understanding Pointers in C by Yashwant Kanitkar. This book is very good for understanding pointers, arrays, structures and various sorting algorithms.

7. Programming interview exposed is another good book for programming.

I Will Teach You To Be Rich

2010-08-08T03:34:00.001-04:00

Author:
Ramit Sethi

Website:
http://www.iwillteachyoutoberich.com/

Recommended For:

People who are in debt and wants to systematically get out of it

People who wants to take the first step towards saving and investigating

People who wants to take baby steps towards financial freedom

Must read for anyone under the age of 35 (best fit for 20-30 years old)

If your are above 35, this book is not of much value for you

Buy At:
http://www.amazon.com/Will-Teach-You-Be-Rich/dp/0761147489

Free chapter 1:
http://www.slideshare.net/ramit/introduction-and-chapter-1-optimize-your-credit-cards?type=document

Review:
The book takes you on a 6 week journey where you learn everything you need to know about money matters. The book is not preachy; infact it is motivational. Ramit emphasizes on the big-ticket items rather than small cheap way of saving.

The first week is about credit cards. Ramit explains in very simple langauge about what kind of credit cards people should own. The gist of this is that everyone should have No annual fee card with lowest possible APR. He also provides script for people to negotaite their APR down with the credit card companies. Ramit tries to bring home the point that the first step towards financial independence is getting debt free. He provides simple steps as to how people can go about it without being extremely cheap.

In the second week, Ramit helps his reader understand different types of bank accounts and what kind of accounts people should have and how to go about opening them. The gist of this is that people should have (1) a checking account where all their earning go and from where it will be distributed to other accounts (2) an online savings account where any saved money will earn higher interest (3) an investment account.

The third week goes into more depth about investment accounts. It also talks about the different types of investments available and how to go about doing these investments. Ramit clearly lays out the order in which each type of investment should be funded. The gist of this is that (1) people should first contribute the amount that employer matches to the 401(k) plan (2) then max out Roth IRA account if you are eligible (3) then max out 401(k) (4) and then put money in online high yield saving account.

The fourth week is about conscious spending. Here Ramit motivates his readers to spend lot of money on something they love and cut down on items that they do not care much about. He also provides guidlines on how much money should be spent on different items. The gist is that 60% of the paycheck should go towards paying monthly expenditures like rent, utilities, groceries, subscriptions etc., 10% should go in investing, 10% should go in savings and the remaining 20% should be used for guilt-free spending. Yes, you read that right. Ramit is OK with spending 20% of paycheck on the things you love and care about. This itself assures you that Ramit will not ask you to save on those lattes or toilet papers in further chapters.

The fifth chapter is a little dry and it gets a little complex for an average reader with insufficient math skills. Here Ramit explains how to automate the transfer of money between all the accounts. It's an excellent idea and should definitely be done but people with below average math skills may struggle a little. Again it is not rocket science but it does not meet the simplicity standards set by the first four weeks.

In the sixth and last week, Ramit explains how to go about choosing investments in the retirement and investment accounts. This again is a little involved reading but Ramit provides some very easy shortcut for people who do not want to take too much trouble. Ramit nicely talks about different investments like mutual funds, index funds, bonds etc. A nice read for people who wants to understand these.

Critique:
Ramit Sethi is a straight shooter throughout the book and he inserts witty comments frequently to make this book a lively read. His intented audience is young people from 20-30 years old who are lost about money matters. Ramit takes this dry subject and with his motivational words make this a very good read. With so many people giving advice on money matters everywhere from your TV set in the drawing room to your internet in the bedroom, Ramit's book is very simple and is the best starting point. Infact if you are not too concerned with the details and just want to save and invest without hassles, this book can be the starting and ending point. The great thing about this book is that it does not take its audience on a ride with fancy terminology or gimmicky words but lays out everything in easy-to-understand language. Ramit provides examples that are easy to relate too. Another positive thing about this book is that Ramit does not ask people to cut on every possible spending. Infact he encourages spending on the right items. The best quote in the book is that the best investment is investing on oneself.

One thing I personally do not agree with Ramit is the 20% of the paycheck he advises people to spent on guilt free spending. I find that a bit on the higher side. I would say that for an average person earning between 50-100K, this amount should be no more than 10-15%.

Though I do not have solid numbers to back it up, but I did not feel something right with Ramit's suggestion of rebalancing the portfolio by stopping investing for a certain duration on a particular investment if it has gone above the targetted percentage in the protfolio. I personally feel this goes against the notion of dollar cost averaging. Instead I would suggest people just reduce the amount of money that goes in that investment by a certain percent until the portfolio is balanced again.

The final word on this is that it is an excellent book and a must read for anyone under the age of 35. On an average, the read time should be around 7 hours for thsi book.

Fundamental / Power System Electrical Books

2010-04-19T22:33:00.010-04:00

Fundamental / Power System Electrical Books:

Protective Relaying: Principles and Applications by J. Lewis Blackburn and Thomas J. Domin, 3rd Edition, CRC Press

The method of symmetrical components was discovered by Charles L. Fortescue.
In Symmetrical components, the sequence quantities i.e. Voltage and Current are LINE to NEUTRAL or LINE TO GROUND (opposed to Power system where L-L Voltages are used).
Positive sequence is a-b-c, 120 deg counterclockwise; Negative sequence is a-c-b, 120 deg reversed to positive sequence; Zero sequence is always in phase
Phasors always exist as a set of 3 but never alone.
Unbalanced 3-Ph quantities are divided into the seque nce component as they are independent components in a balanced system network.
Electric power systems are balanced or symme trical from the generators to the point
of single-phase loading, except in an area of a fault.

Wireless Wifi Based Battery Charger for Phones

2010-04-18T00:41:00.005-04:00

Wireless Wifi Based Battery Charger for Phones:

Imagine wireless charging of mobile batteries. Its amazing to know that we can harness the energy from the WIFI signals to actually charge our phone batteries. Its simply magic for me as I cannot imagine charging of the batteries on the air ... There are various links available which definetly justifies something like charge on the fly is going to be true ... As per the 3rd link, the Airenergy charger will hit the market this summer for $40, but the battery using the Wi-Fi harvesting technology won't be available until soon afterward.

Links for IEC61850

2010-04-17T23:55:00.010-04:00

Links for IEC61850

http://www.61850.com/ This link is useful if you want to check the validation of the SCD or ICD or CID files.
http://www.tissues.iec61850.com/default.mspx
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_61850 This is the general wiki. But has few very good presentation on IEC61850.
http://siemens.siprotec.de/download_neu/applications/IEC61850/IEC61850_message_status.pdf
Interrogation of the IEC61850 message status
Why is it not possible to detect a failure with convention wiring via binary input?
A loss of signal can also occur on protocol based communication links
Why does IEC61850 detect an interruption of the transmission path?
How does one obtain the message status?
http://siemens.siprotec.de/download_neu/applications/IEC61850/design01/Network%20Sketch%20Design%2001.pdf This link describes the network overview in standard IEC61850 station.
http://siemens.siprotec.de/download_neu/applications/IEC61850/design01/Description%20Design%2001.pdf This link explains the limitation on the number of devices to be connected to the network switch, how many rings are possible in a subnet and many other configuration checklist.

Concepts to know in Network before you work with IEC-61850 protocol

2010-04-17T23:45:00.008-04:00

Concepts to know in Network before you work with IEC-61850 protocol:

Different IP address - Class B, Class A, ...

Different MAC address -

What is multicast mac address?

What is RSTP ? Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol.

Which protocol is used for Client-Server Communication?

What is subnet?How is it decided ?

What is multimode FO cable vs Single mode FO cable?

Which type of cables are to be used for SIE, SEL and GE devices?

XML, HTML, SCL ...

Ethernet TCP/IP

OSI

Network Switches

How they perform?

Client - Server communication

Will post the brief description later on.

Advantages of using IEC61850 Protocol

2010-03-30T18:49:00.007-04:00

Advantages of using IEC61850 Protocol

1. Reduced Hardwiring
2. Improved Performance
3. Improved capability
4. Customized Solutions
5. Flexibility of the various protection/control schemes
6. Improved supervision
7. Trouble shooting much easier
8. Reduced man-power requirement
9. Reduced chances of error
10. Faster completion of project
11. Reduced space requirement
12. Improved functionality
13. Easy to carry out changes/modifications
14. No aging issues

AutoReclose Function in Protection Relays

2010-03-13T15:43:00.010-05:00

Auto Reclose Function:

Technically, whenever any transient faults causing the trip of the circuit breaker, mainly for Over head lines occur, most of utilities prefer to reclose the breaker or they try to reclose for number of times, before coming to the conclusion that the fault is permanent.

You must know which kind of faults you need to consider for transient faults. Not all faults are transient. Ph-Gd, O/C or Multi-phase faults generally account for Transient faults. These AR initiation can be other source too. Energized by user-defined precondition to start AR. As per Siemens Relays, Non-directional faults/Directional/Other/via BI is possible. But it is important that fault occurs. Unless relay sees a fault and breaker trips due to that fault, AR sequence will not start.

AR and Synch Check goes hand in hand. So when you configure any protection, enable 79 (for auto-reclose)and 25(for synch check).

So, to first know what is AR and then what is synch check to understand AR sequence.

it is also important to know Power System Data, V, f, VT connection, Vsynch connection, etc.

Always set the AutoReclose function.

Use Inbuilt function for checking how auto reclose works by initiating Overcurrent fault.

Check then how the sequence is initiated.

Source:

1. Siemens Manual for Line Relay 7SA522/

http://siemens.siprotec.de/download_neu/index_e.htm

Alchemist by Paulo Coheo

2009-09-21T15:27:00.001-04:00

Hey, these are few good liners from the book Alchemist. Somehow i like the book very much and it constantly inspires me.

1. When you really want something all the universe conspires in helping you to achieve it.

2. Making a decision is only the beginning of things. When someone makes a decision, he is really dividing into a strong current that will carry him to places he had never dreamed of when he first made a decision.

3. Everything in life is an omen.

4. People need not fear the unknown if they are capable of achieving what they need and want.

5. Live in the present. THe secret is here in the present. If you pay attention to the present, you can improve upon it. And if you improve on the present, what comes later will also be better. Forget about the future, and live each day accordingly to the teachings, confident that god loves his children. Each day, in itself, brings with it an eternity.

6. Courage is the quality most essential to understand the Language of the world.

7.You must understand that Love never keeps a man from pursuing his destiny. If he abandons that pursuit, it's because it wasn't true love...

8. Dont think about what you've left behind.

9. There is only one way to learn. Its through action.

10. Listen to your heart. It knows all things, because it came from the soul of the worldd, and it will one day return there. Naturally its afraid that, in pursuing your dream, you might lose everything you've won.

11. treason is a blow that comes unexpectedly. IF yuou know your heart well, it will never be able to do that to you.

12. Every search begins with the begineers luckl and every search ends with the victors being severlly tested.

13. When you possess great treasures within you, and try to tell others of them, seldom are you believed.

Important things to know about REF ( Restricted Earth Fault Relays)

2009-09-21T15:10:00.005-04:00

Why REF required?????
REF protection applied on transformer in order to detect ground faults on a given winding more sensitively than overall differential protection able to do.

On which principle they based ?????
The principle of comparison of measured variables by comparing the residual current of the phase CT of the given winding with the current associated with ground star point.

Why residual current occur????? or why CT saturated???
Saturation Saturation is the sudden variation of material permeability from high value to low value at the point known as the saturation bend.

In case of saturation induction then increases only slowly and Ie ( excitation current ) deforms to form peak.

Why stabilizing resistor inserted in the differential path for REF relay ???
If any CT ( phase CT or neutral CT ) get saturation (due to DC component of current during trafo energization (Inrush current)) .
So CT 's high magnetizing inductance breaks down to low value determined by permeability of air.
Differential current or residual current caused by CT saturation does not flow completely through differential path (due to high Impedance in path) but flows through low magnetizing inductance of saturated CT.
Hence insertion of resistance has a restraining effect.
Voltage across stabilizing resistance at Max. through fault = Max. through fault current ( CT resistance + 2 * Cable resistance )

BTW we are never allow to saturate our CT's by selecting proper knee point voltage.

High and Low Impedance Relays

2009-09-21T14:55:00.001-04:00

Both low impedance & high impedance are working in merz.-prize circulating current principle (i.e) under normal operating condition, incoming and out going current remains the same and hence no current flows through the relay operating coil.

Basic difference lies in how we are achieving the stability for external faults.

In low impedance relays, we have bias characteristics.Based on the external fault magnitude, bias increases.(in our
static relays, bias current is the average of incoming and outgoing currents) Operating current of the relay should exceed the setting current and the bias current.During internal fault condition all the current converges and hence operating current increases more than the bias and the relay operates.

In high impedance relays, stability is achieved by the external resistors connected in series with the relay operating coils and making it as voltage dependent.(this is why we call it as high impedance relays).Resistance should be calculated in such a way that the relay will not operate for the external fault (with one CT becoming completely saturated).

Starting with OpenGL and GLUT

2009-09-20T10:30:00.005-04:00

The following are some great links if you want to start on OpenGL and GLUT. It has links for using GLUT in MFC dialog as well.

OpenGL Tutorial

Display 3D Points Using OpenGL

OpenGL Programming Guide

GLUT for Win32

First OpenGL progran using GLUT

GLUT Tutorial

OpenGL MFC GLUT Tutorials

OpenGL SDK

An Introduction to GLUT

OpenGL in a MFC dialog

MUI portable interface using GLUT

OpenGL Video Tutorial

OpenGL API GLUT Sample Code & Tutorials

GLUT Programming Interface API Version 3

OpenGL 2.1 Reference Pages

Electrical Interview Questions

2009-09-14T15:41:00.002-04:00

Tell us about your background.
Your short term goals
Your long term goals
How can we trust if you stay with our organisation.
GIS: Was there separate LCC and relay panels.
What projects you have worked before?
Why you want to work for us?
What did you do in your particular job profile.
How were you placed in that job profile
Were you assisting or were you leading the team?
Which group you would like to join - Relay, Automation, Electromechanical or Civil. and Why?

Electrical Interview Questions for Relay Protection Engineering III

2009-09-14T15:32:00.002-04:00

Have you also worked on Motor or generator protection or it is only transmission and distribution?
What different kind of relaying you have worked with?
Did you also work with Electromechanical relays?
78% of relaying is still electromechanical.
Can you explain how do you order the relay from the Step 1 to commissioning?
What type of relay you have used for SEL?
What kind of protection is there for Line?
Ok, it is distance.
what is the distance protection philosophy?
How many zones are there?
Can you discuss the characteristic of the zone?
How can you plot it on the paper?
Where will be the protected line on the characteristic?
What angle you can see the protected line?
Can you discuss where will be the Remote line in this cureve?
Where can you see the other lines on the R-X characteristic?
Are you aware of line differential?
What is the principle for the line differential?
How does the differential takes place?
Are you aware of POTT or DUB?
Have you used them in your project?
Which software you have used for ABB, simens for relay setting.
What is REF?
Why is it necessary?
Why the differential relay cannot protect it?
What is the philosophy of REF?
Does it depend on the grounding?
Are you aware of symmetrical components?
Why are they used?
What is the purpose of using symmetrical components?
How you can measure fault using hte symmetrical components?
What is unbalanced and balanced fault?
Is 3Ph a balanced fault?
Then what can be the unbalanced fault?
How do you read the Voltage and current?
How can you say that they are balanced?
How can you make a graph of it?
How is a displaced wrt b and wrt c?
At what angle?
what shall be the order of the abc?
Can you give the example where you do phase chagne?
What about the motor?
How do you revrerse the direction?
What did you study in your undergrad?
What all things you learnt as a course work there?
What are your goals 5-10 years down the line?
can you explain the gap in your service?
Have you worked on Aspen, Mathcad, before?
We only work with SEl relays.
What all books you have read for the relays?
How did you learn the relay setting?
How did you cross check the relay setting.
Do you do hand calculation for hte relay setting?
How was you site experience?
Did you assist somebody or helped somebody for relay commissioning.
How exactly you have worked on site?
I am kind of surprised, how can you commission so many relays in 5 years.
What kind of projects do you have?
Have you read the papers from SEL ?
How good are you with making presentations?
Have you made presentation before?
How good are you writing technical papers?
How did you learn all this?
What motivates you to work for us?
What kind of load shedding knowledge do you have?
How much familiar are you with Mark VI and load shedding at generation end?
What application you have seen?
Mainly you can focus on doing relay setting from the HMI?
Can you explain your recent relay setting, how did you do it exactly?
Did you make all calculations by yourself?
Somebody else did for you?

How to Piss off a Telemarketer

2009-09-07T10:26:00.002-04:00

If you have absolutely nothing worthwhile to do and like dark humor; then see this video in which a potential customer pisses off a telemarketer who is trying to sell him the online edition of Seattle times newspaper.

Funny Marathi Idea Call Centre Conversation

2009-09-07T09:35:00.003-04:00

This is an hilarious marathi conversation between an Idea customer(looking for a cheaper SMS plan) and the call centre representative:

2009-09-05T10:33:00.003-04:00

Load Flow Models are based on Static Network Model.

Utilities use real-time on-line models in SCADA for the optimization of generation, VAR control, losses, and tie-line control.

A load-flow study is carried out to determine the steady-state bus voltages, active
and reactive power flows, transformer tap settings, component or circuit loading,
generator exciter regulator voltage set points, system performance under contingency or emergency operations, and system losses.

Load flow can also be used to determine voltage profile at the time of starting a large motor. The starting motor is modeled as a constant-impedance shunt with the X/R ratio based on a locked rotor or starting power factor. The load-flow case is run with the starting motor disconnected, and the voltage at the relevant buses is recorded. The starting-motor locked-rotor impedance
is connected as a shunt, and the new case is run. The difference in voltage at any bus
is the voltage drop at the instant of starting the motor.

Two algorithms, Gauss-Siedel and Newton-Raphson, are used to solve the loadflow
equations.

The Gauss-Siedel method gives a simple and stable solution and works well up to 100 buses. The
solution iterates one bus at a time, corrects that bus voltage to the specified value, and continues until an error is detected.

The solution may not converge for the following reasons:
1. Error in the input data
2. System is too weak to carry the load
3. Insufficient VAR in the system to support the voltage

In the Newton-Raphson method, the n quadratic equations are first linearized by forming a Jacobian matrix. The present value of the bus voltage is then calculated, and then n linear equations are solved in steps. The number of iterations is small, between five and ten.

Electrical Interview Questions for Relay Protection Engineering

2009-09-04T10:21:00.002-04:00

There will be always a lot of questions based on your resume. You should know your resume and what all things you have done in your project in a nice manner.
There will be also a lot of cross questioning about the profile you are looking for.
But apart from that, few basic questions might be asked to you:
What factors decide the pick up value of the current, considering distributed system.
What are the time margin for the overcurrent relay.
How are CT's connected on Delta-Star trafo considering you are not using any phase correcting CTs or any interposing CTs.
What are the inputs needed for Breaker Failure relay.
What is Zone 1 setting?
Why it is set to that percentage?
Say, PTR = 1000/1 and CTR = 200/1; what shall be Secondary Impedance.
What sequence current flows through P-G faults?
How does they flow?

IInd Technical Interview with Power Company, US

2009-08-31T16:15:00.002-04:00

I have your resume with me, is that correct you have worked in Siemens, ABB and Areva Relays before?
What kind of work you have done with relays?
Which project you have worked on?
Have you done commissioning of relays yourself or just witnessed the relay commissioning?
Have you done relay setting calculations yourself?
Have you worked with GE and SEL relays before?
Yes, I understand that if you have worked on prior relay knowledge, you can learn other relays too.
You also have Control experience?
what type of control experience do you have?
I mean, Automation Contorl.
Have you also worked on Schematics before?
What type of schematics you have worked before - Single Line, 3 line, can you tell me all of them?
How soon can you join us?
How about your studies? When will you completing it?
Are you ready to relocate?

This was all. It lasted 9 minutes.

Cabinet ministers of India 14th Lok Sabha 2004 - 2009

2009-08-30T17:15:00.029-04:00

Dr. Manmohan Singh Prime Minister, Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions, Department of Space, Department of Atomic Energy
Shri P. Chidambaram Minister of Finance
Shri Sharad Pawar Minister of Agriculture and Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution
Shri Pranab Mukherjee Minister of Defence
Shivraj Patil Minister of Home Affairs
Laloo Prasad Yadav Minister of Railways
K. Natwar Singh Minister of External Affairs
Ram Vilas Paswan Minister of Steel, Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizer
Sontosh Mohan Dev Minister of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises
Dr. Anbumani Ramadoss Minister of Health and Family Welfare
P.M. Sayeed Minister of Power
Hansraj Bhardwaj Minister of Law and Justice
Shri Ghulam Nabi Azad Minister of Urban Development, Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
T.R. Baalu Minister of Road Transport and Highways, Minister of Shipping
Shri Vayalar Ravi Minister of Overseas Indian Affairs
Shankersinh Vaghela Minister of Textiles
Dayanidhi Maran Minister of Communications and Information Technology
Mani Shankar Aiyar Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Minister of Panchayati Raj
S. Jaipal Reddy Minister of Information and Broadcasting, Ministry of Culture
Sis Ram Ola Minister of Labour and Employment
Arjun Singh Minister of Human Resource Development
Shibu Soren Minister of Mines & Minerals, Ministry of Coal
P.R. Kyndiah Minister of Development of North East, Minister of Tribal Affairs
Kamal Nath Minister of Commerce and Industry
Raghuvansh Prasad Singh Minister of Rural Development
Ambika Soni Minister of Tourism
Sunil Dutt Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports
Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi Minister of Water Resources
Meira Kumar Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment
Mahavir Prasad Minister of Small Scale, Agro & Rural Industries
A. Raja Minister of Environment & Forests
K. Chandra Shekhar Rao Minister without Portfolio

Series and Shunt Reactors in Power system

2009-08-30T09:55:00.004-04:00

Shunt Reactor are used for reactive compensation:
During normal operation of an electrical power system, the transmission and distribution voltages must be maintained within a small range, typically, from 0.95 to 1.05 pu of rated value. Due to the load variations, shunt reactors and capacitors have been applied in
power systems to compensate excess reactive power (inductive for heavy load conditions, and capacitive for light load conditions). Shunt reactors are commonly
used to compensate the capacitive reactive power of transmission and distribution systems and thereby to keep the operating voltages within admissible levels.

Series Reactor for limiting the fault current.

Reference:
http://www.ritzusa.com/pdf/TECH%20NEWS_SHUNT_71665.PDF

PC Based SCADA software

2009-08-29T14:42:00.001-04:00

ABB PC based automation system: MicroSCADA
Software tool used: Substation Monitoring System (SMS)
----------------------------------------------------------------
Siemens PC based automation system: SIMATIC PAS
----------------------------------------------------------------
Areva PC based automation system: PACiS

Relay Protection Setting Software

2009-08-29T14:40:00.001-04:00

ABB relay setting software: CAP540
Siemens relay setting software: DIGSI 4.0
Areva/Micom relay setting software: S1

The Monument Valley, Utah

2009-08-28T09:26:00.007-04:00

1. The ShipRock
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiprock

2. The Monument Valley, the view from the visitor center.

3. The View from the distance, towards the Monument valley. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_Valley

4. The Four Corners

5. The Navoja's restaurant

6. The slide show for more pictures on Monument Valley.

View all

Get your own

For more images, please check the following link.
http://images.google.com/images?q=monument+valley&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&ei=1d6XSo3lCMX7tgf415TUBA&sa=X&oi=image_result_group&ct=title&resnum=4

Beauty Contest of the Beast !

2009-08-28T08:26:00.002-04:00

If to name one of the ugliest beasts and having their beauty contest and not only the beauty contest, but the importance of that beast and the event, what name comes to the mind... Well, I came across an article in National Geographic, August 2009 edition, Isn't she lovely? Contest location is in Abu Dhabhi and camels converge from very far lands for an annual beauty contest and prizes include more than 140 cars and trucks.

And not only that, judges have very strict criteria to select the beauty queen based on their physical appearance which is beautifully described in the article ... from the great hump to skinny legs to eyelashes.

The main purpose of the article was to throw some light on the SHIP OF THE DESERT and showing its relationship with man.

Electrical Automation Interviews

2009-08-26T21:41:00.003-04:00

Tell us about your background.
What SCADA systems are you aware of?
Have you worked on ODC server before?
Describe your experience in Automation Control?
Have you worked on Embedded System before?
Describe your experience on that?
Tell us how you did Relay coordination?
Say for e.g. there are two feeders, one incoming and other outgoing, how do you achieve relay coordination on them.
Have you done Short Circuit studies?
What tools have you used before?
Tell us how will you calculate busbar earthing? What values of Earthing / Leakage current is fine for Bus bar earthing in panel.
How is HMI prepared?
What ethernet switch did you use for connecting IEDs?
Which make of ethernet switch did you use?
How was the architecture / communication topology.

Interview for Relay Protection Engineer

2009-08-26T14:59:00.004-04:00

How are you today?
How do you think that you are suitable for the job?
So, you are saying that you have experience with Siemens Relays, Relaying software, Communication topology and you have worked before on the projects, how confident are you to work for this work profile? Can you elaborate or explain in detail.
How all these things will help you better perform the job?
Can you tell me how many relays you have worked for? i.e. how many protection relays from Siemens, ABB, GE, SEL you have actually used in the projects?
Can you tell me if you have commissioned all of them by yourself?
Can you quantify the numbers you have used in the projects?
How did you configure these relays?
What software is used to configure ABB, Areva relays?
Were there different engineers to configure ABB, Siemens relays?
Have you worked on Automation ?
How do you do relay settings?
How does two relay communicate with each other?
What protocols are you familiar?
Have you worked on Profibus or IEC-103 before?
What parameters does IEC-61850 transfer? Is it just protection only? Or non protection parameters are also transferred?
Have you worked on HMI before?
Have you used software to build HMI?
How does trigger, alarm or trip or event logs are configured on HMI?
How many IEDs connect to the Ethernet Switch?
What is the limitation of connecting the IEDs to the switches?
What other communication protocols are you familiar?
How will the relay communicate with the other relay? Say, there are two relays , say trafo, one on HV side and other on LV side, how will they communicate with each other?
Tell me how good are you with travelling?
Can you travel all the time?
If not, give me the % you can travel?
What traits you are looking in for a manager you will be working with ?
What personal traits you will not like your manager to have?
Do you have any personal limitations, what you cannot do?
How long can you work? I mean how long will be the working hours you can put up?
How much comfortable are you with night travelling?
Can you describe any challenges in the work before, which you can describe or give details?
These are the technical challenges. What abou the personal challenges you have faced in work?
What if you dont like any thing particular with your boss? how will you cope up with that?
How soon can you join us?
What are your aspirations?
Why did you choose your masters in Computer Science?
Can you elaborate on your work experience?
Have you commissioned the relays before?
How do you trouble shoot the relays?
Has your experience only upto protection or you have with automation too?
Are you familiar with preparing drawings in Autocad / Elcad /Microstation?
How good are you with them?
Do you know how to exactly draw drawings?
What kind of drawings are you familiar with?
One, Three line, SLD, Logic diagrams, relay, cut outs, which ones?
For how long do you have experience in them?
What causes trigger in the HMI?
What causes alarm in the HMI?

Arches National Park, Utah

2009-08-24T13:42:00.004-04:00

View all

Get your own

Zion National Park, Utah

2009-08-23T23:29:00.005-04:00

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Get your own

Bryce Canyon, Utah

2009-08-23T22:29:00.005-04:00

View all

Get your own

Current Transformer Requirement

2009-08-18T21:42:00.005-04:00

1. Typically the c.t. is specified by means of an accuracy factor and an overcurrent factor up to which the c.t. remains accurate with the maximum specified burden connected to its secondary, eg:
5P10 : 5VA (Accuracy Limit, Overcurrent Factor : Maximum Burden(at c.t. secondary level))

In the example of a 5P10, 5VA c.t., this will transform primary current within the accuracy limit of 5% when a burden of 5VA (at rated current) is connected to the c.t. secondary, for a primary current up to 10 times its rating.

2. Knee Point Voltage: The Knee point voltage of the current transformers should be at least twice the relay setting voltage. The knee point voltage is expressed as the voltage at fundamental frequency applied to the secondary circuit of the current transformer which when increased in magnitude by 10% causes the magnetising current to increase by 50%.

Pole discrepancy protection

2009-08-18T20:54:00.002-04:00

This function ensures that any one or two poles of a circuit-breaker do not remain open for longer than an independently settable time (i.e. unsymmetrical conditions). This time stage is initiated when current (above the set value) is flowing in any 1 or 2 phases, but not in all 3 phases. Additionally, the circuit-breaker auxiliary contacts (if connected) are interrogated and must show the same condition as the current measurement. Should this time delay expire, then a three-pole trip command is issued. This function is normally used when single-pole auto-reclosing is applied.

Reference:
1. www.siemens.com/easy-line

Interview Questions on Relay and its fundamentals

2009-08-18T20:18:00.003-04:00

What is the objective of relaying system?
What are the functional requirements of the relays?
Can you draw the healthy trip circuit?
What are switchgears?
What are the different types of switchgear?
What are the operating mechanisms of the switchgear?
What are through faults?
What is relay burden?
Why stabilizing resistor are used?
How do you calculate the value of the stabilizing resistor?

Anti pumping relay and its operational concept

2009-08-18T18:06:00.004-04:00

The anti-pumping relay allows the breaker to close only once for each press of the 'close' pushbutton (or rotation of the handle) or Anti-pumping relay cancels the persistent closing
signal after successful completion of the closing operation.

If a fault exists on the circuit before the breaker is closed, the breaker will close and immediately trip before the operator has a chance to release the close button (or handle). The anti-pumping relay prevents the still-active close signal from trying to reclose the breaker.

Many breakers are not rated for multiple successive reclose operations. If an anti-pumping relay is not used, the rapid close-open-close-open... series can result in destruction of the breaker and harm to the operator.

Trip Cirucit Supervision Relay

2009-08-18T17:01:00.005-04:00

The supervision relay type TCS is intended for a continuous supervision of circuit breaker trip
circuit and to give an alarm for loss of auxiliary supply, faults on the trip-coil or its wires independent of the breaker position, faults on the breaker auxiliary contacts and faults in the
supervision relay itself.

The following diagarm explains how the trip circuit supervision relay works:

There are 3 scenarios:
1. Supervision in preclose condition.
2. Supervision in postclose condition.
3. Supervision with latched trip or protection relay.

Reference: http://www02.abb.com/global/inabb/inabb509.nsf/0/51663da1af2c5e9f652571bc00388c76/$file/TCS+Brochure.pdf

Electrical Interview Questions on Protection ( Busbar, Buscoupler, Bussection, Feeder, Trafo)

2009-08-18T16:07:00.008-04:00

Explain Busbar protection?
Explain Bus Coupler protection?
Explain Bus Section protection?
Explain Feeder protection?
Explain Line protection?
Explain Transformer protection?
Explain Motor Protection?
Explain Shunt reactor protection?
What is trip circuit supervision relay?
What is post and pre condition for trip circuit supervision relay?
What are lock out relays?
What is isolator replica. How it is used?
What is dead zone?
How faults are detected in dead zone?
- Case 1: Consider one CT
- Case 2: Consider two CT
- Case 3: Consider CTs not covering Breaker and CT zone.
How many bay units can be configured to Central unit in Busbar protection?
What is the need of duplicating lock out relays?
How groups are formed for each protection to lock out relays?
Why DC is duplicated?
Why relays are duplicated to achieve similar protection?
How is signal list prepared?
How synchronization takes place?
What is check zone?
What is discrimination zone?
Which type of cable used for connecting IEDs?
Which type of cable used for PC to IED?
Which type of connector used for FO cable to connect to IED?
What information Bay unit have?
What is self monitoring of relays?
what are high impedance schemes?
What are low impedance schemes?
Where are 31. and 32. used?
For differential protection, what tripping conditions must be fulfilled?
Explain the Breaker failure logic?
Explain intertrip?
Explain, how or logic for intertrip during Busbar operation?
What type of relay senses closing onto fault?
How are disconnector monitored?
How is breaker fail monitored from maloperating?
How are settings of busbar protection achieved?
What do you do to distance protection, when Voltage transformer's MCB (miniature circuit breaker trips)?
What are the annunciation in Feeder protection?
What is the switching order to close earth switch?
What is the switching order to close circuit breaker?
What is automatic switching?
What is on load transfer?
What is to be taken care of while closing disconnector?
What is pole discrepancy relay?
What is anti pumping?
What can be problems with Circuit breaker?
What are SF6 Stages for alarm and trip for circuit breaker?
When does Circuit breaker lock out?

Programming interview questions

2009-08-17T22:50:00.002-04:00

Implement the atoi() function.

Implement the atof() function.

Implement the itoa() function.

Write a function to calculate the length of a given string.

Write a function to reverse a string.

Given an array of both positive and negative integers. Write a function to find the sub-array with the largest sum.

Write a function to test whether a number is power of 2.

Write a function to count the number of 1-bits in a number.

Write a function to add a node to a list.

Write a function to reverse a linked list.

Write a function to insert in a sorted list.

How to multiply a number by 7 without using the multiplication operator.

Write a function to reverse the words in a string. For example, “reverse words” becomes “words reverse”.

Write a function to delete one instance of string from another.

Given a singly linked list, write a deletion function for it.

Given a singly linked list, return the mth from last member.

Write a one-liner to determine if x is an even number.

Write a function that removes extra spaces from a string and leaves only one correct space.

Write the strstr function.

Write a function to test whether a given string is palindrome or not.

2009-08-17T15:12:00.012-04:00

“Equipment intended to interrupt current at fault levels shall have an interrupting rating sufficient for the nominal circuit voltage and the current that is available at the line terminals of the equipment. Equipment intended to interrupt current at other than fault levels shall have an interrupting rating at nominal circuit voltage sufficient for the current that must be interrupted.”

Q: Why is making capacity of circuit breaker higher than making capacity of Circuit breaker?
Q: What are the values of making capacity of circuit breaker?
Q: What are the values of breaking capacity of circuit breaker?
Q: Define the terms ? Breaking capacity, making capacity.
Q: Distribution equipment, such as circuit breakers, fuses, switchgear, and MCCs, have interrupting or withstand ratings defined as the maximum rms values of symmetrical current.
Q: What is Circuit breakers breaking capacity ? Answer: A circuit breaker can't interrupt a circuit at the instant of inception of a short. Instead, due to the relay time delay and breaker contact parting time, it will interrupt the current after a period of five to eight cycles, by which time the DC component will have decayed to nearly zero and the fault will be virtually symmetrical.
Q: What is Circuit breaker's making capacity? Answer:Closing a breaker against an existing fault makes it possible to intercept the peak of the asymmetrical short-circuit current, which is greater than the rms value of the symmetrical current. For this reason, equipment is also tested at a particular test X/R ratio value typical to a particular electrical apparatus, such as switchgear, switchboards, or circuit breakers, and is designed and rated to withstand and/or close and latch the peak asymmetrical current described above.
Q: Why fault analysis is required? Answer: Fault analysis is required to calculate and compare symmetrical and asymmetrical current values in order to select a protective device to adequately protect a piece of electrical distribution equipment.

Reference:

This site has 5 sections - Substation, High Voltage, Transformers, Protection, Commissioning. It is good for having an overview and going in detail in few areas. http://www.sayedsaad.com/Protection/index.htm
This site has lot of material and books on electrical. http://www.blogger.com/2.%20http://www.filecrop.com/search.php?w=Practical%20Power%20System%20Protection&opt_t=1&opt_d=0&c=30&m=&size_i=&size_f=&engine_r=&engine_m=&pos=1&order=score&mod=dec
http://ecmweb.com/training/electrical_basics/

Loading Sample Projects from Eclipse to Emulator

2009-08-14T10:54:00.009-04:00

Assuming that Android SDK, Eclipse SDK and Android Development Tools are updated.

Open Eclipse.
File->New->Android Project
New Android Project window comes up. Select: Create project from existing source; Provide-> Location: (Browse to the current folder having sample examples. In case of Android 1.5, samples are located in Platforms\android-1.5\samples).

Choose Build Target -> Android 1.5
Right click on the project -> Snake -> Run as -> Android Application
Check the log window below. It will show the status of the Snake, getting installed on the android emulator.
The application gets loaded on the emulator and the screenshot is as follows:
When you hit 'Up' tab,the game will run.

Rotating Emulator Screen as per the application need.

2009-08-14T10:34:00.010-04:00

Run android emulator.
It comes up with vertical orientation.
Now there are some applications which only run on horizontal layout. Like the one below:

Press Control + F12 (function key F12). It will rotate the screen to horizontal layout.
This is how it will work.

Installing API Demos/Samples on Android Emulator and features on APIDemo.

2009-08-14T08:57:00.029-04:00

If you are running android-1.5, then, you can run samples from both android 1.1 or android 1.5 or both. However to load API demos on emulator I used android 1.1 version.
Hence go to - C:\android-sdk-windows-1.5_r3\platforms\android-1.1\samples
The following samples codes are provided:
ApiDemos, HelloActivity, Home, LunarLander, Notepad, SkeletonApp, Snake.
To load ApiDemos, follow the instruction on Loading Sample Projects from Eclipse to Emulator .
To Run the project go to Run Configurations and
Choose Build Target - Android 1.1.
And then continue exactly as mentioned in the above article.
You can see that lot of applications are provided by APIDemos. Such as App, Content, Graphics, Media, OS, Text, Views.
Following are the views provided: Animation, Auto Complete, Buttons, Chronometer, Controls, Custom, Date Widgets, Expandable Lists, Focus, Gallery, Grid, ImageButton, ImageSwitcher, ImageView, Layout Animation, Layouts, Lists, MapView, MapView and Compass, Progress Bar, Radio Group, Rating Bar, ScrollBars, Seek Bar, Spinner, Tabs, TextSwitcher, Visibility, WebView.

Animations further can have 3D Transition, Push, Shake and they have further categorized. Please click the slide show to see all the views of Animations.

Slideshow of all the Views.
View all
Get your own
It also have media Player and you can run Media Player or VideoPlayer on it.
Similarly Graphics has a lot of features. Features available on ApiDemo are: AlphaBitmap, AnimateDrawables, Arcs, BitmapDecode, BitmapMesh, CameraPreview, Clipping, ColorMatrix, Compass, CreateBitmap, Drawable, FingerPaint, Layers, MeasureText, OpenGL ES, PathEffects, PathFillTypes, Patterns, Pictures, Points, PolyToPoly, Regions, RoundRects, Scale to Fit, SensorTest, SurfaceViewOverlay, Sweep, TextAlign, Touch Paint, Typefaces, UnicodeChart, Vertices and Xfermodes.
To view some of the features on Graphics, please click the slide show.

View all

Get your own

Congo

2009-08-13T12:56:00.006-04:00

On National Public Radio, there was a talk show going on why Hillary Clinton's visit to Congo important? US is working on project ENOUGH in CONGO ...

Is it important on Humanitarian Grounds? (remember Rwanda ... crimes in Congo are equally heinous ... )
Or, Congo is worlds richest country in minerals and raw materials other than petroleum products ? Used for manufacturing Ipods and laptops are supplied from Congo.
Congo is important because Chinese have interest in Congo too ? and US is losing its grounds from Congo to China.

My concerns are :

Why we were blind for more than a decade ...
How can we ignore the very existence of individuals until we have our own interest ...
Why politicians never have a heart ...
Why cant developed countries intervene before when they decide to do later ...
Why countries individual goals more important than any number of person's lives....
Why are weaker always subdued ...
Is equal opportunity for everything to everyone a taboo ...
Is financial aid panacea for all ...

I have no answers. But I can pray and wish for the well being of the entire world.

Link to the Movie:

Hotel Rwanda gives a glimpse on what happened in Rwanda in 1993-94. Story based on real life incident where a hotel manager tried to save a lot of people from genocide.
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0395169/

Related Links on Congo :

http://jezebel.com/5335643/whats-more-important-rape-in-congo-or-hillarys-bad-hair-day
http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090811/ap_on_go_ca_st_pe/af_clinton_africa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo

Dictionary of Polymer Science & Technology Terms - A Part 4

2009-08-12T22:11:00.003-04:00

Previous Part: Dictionary of Polymer Science & Technology Terms - A Part 3

Additive: A diverse group of specialty chemicals incorporated into plastic formulations before or during processing, or to the surfaces of finished products after processing. Their primary purpose is to modify the behavior of plastics during processing or to impart useful properties to fabricated plastic articles. Product introduced into a polymer or applied to its surface in order to modify or to enhance its performances. There are numerous families of additives that can be classified into 3 main categories: property extenders, processing aids and modifiers. In plastic industry, additives are very useful. Usually a material added in minor amounts to alter the properties of a resin or compound.

Additives: Additives are materials that are added to a polymer to produce a desired change in material properties or characteristics. A wide variety of additives are currently used in thermoplastics, to expand or extend material properties, enhance processability, modify aesthetics, or increase environmental resistance. Additives enhance properties like flame retardancy and UV light stability.

Adhesion: The ability of a material (dry paint) to attach to and remain fixed on the surface without blistering, flaking, cracking or being removed by tape.

Adhesion promoter: Adhesion promoters act at the interface to increase the adhesion between two substrates through the reduction of the interfacial tension. When the adhesion promotor is used to increase adhesion between two incompatible polymers it is also called a Compatibilizer. When the adhesion promoter is used to increase adhension between a polymer and filler it is called a coupling agent. Compatibilizers or coupling agents can be reactive or non reactive. Syn. Bonding agent.

Adhesive: A substance capable of holding materials together by surface attachment. Note ‐ Adhesive is the general term and includes among other cement, glue, mucilage and paste. All of these terms are loosely used interchangeably.

Adhesive Assembly: The process of joining two or more plastic parts by means of an adhesive.

Adhesive Batch: A homogenous quality of finished adhesive manufactured under controlled conditions at one tine or representing a blend of several manufactured units of finished adhesives of the same formulation and processing.

Adhesive Wear: Wear resulting from two metals rubbing against each other, such as the screw flight lands and valve rings coming into contact with the barrel lining during operation.

Adiabatic: This adjective denotes a process in which no heat is added or removed. The term is used incorrectly to describe an extruder where the mechanical energy from the screw is sufficient to plastify the polymer and the barrel controller set-points are set so that little or no heating or cooling is required.

Adsorption: Adsorption is the property of binding to a surface or interface. It is characterised by a surface excess of one species, Γ, in molecules or moles per unit area at the interface. Surfactants and polymers are both liable to bind to interfaces of solutions. This property may be of crucial importance in imparting colloidal stability to dispersions and in other applications of surfactants such as their use in detergency and as wetting aids. Gases can also adsorb to substrates. Not to be confused with absorption, adsorption is the build up of a molecule at a surface (such as an oil/water interface). Adsorption generally occurs because different parts of a molecule have an affinity for the two different phases on either side of the interface.
Next Part: Coming Soon

Traveling to The Grand Canyons, Arizona from Phoenix via Sedona

2009-08-11T09:01:00.025-04:00

Arizona also known as THE GRAND CANYON STATE.

Sedona, AZ:

The Red Rock

Phoenix, AZ:

Air Ballons:

http://www.phoenixhotairballoons.com/

Cactus:

http://www.angelfire.com/ca7/sierratses/az-cactus.html

http://cactuslovers.com/

Most asked non technical questions

2009-08-10T13:44:00.003-04:00

Have you worked on *** before? (*** is not in your resume or probably you never worked on it before).
What do you want to do?
What is your favorite *** (programming language, tool or product) ?
What is your work style ?
Tell me about your experience.
What are your career goals?
Why are you looking to change jobs?
How much money do you want to make?
What is your salary history?
Why should we hire you?
Do you have any questions for me?
Why are you suitable for this job?
What are your relevant skills and experience?
What makes you a good candidate?
What are your strengths and weaknesses?
Why are you interested in this vacancy?
What are you looking for in your next job?
Why are you looking?

How to Burn an ISO Image File to a DVD using Roxio Creator

2009-08-08T19:59:00.005-04:00

Step 1:

Insert a blank DVD in the DVD drive.

Step 2:
Open Roxio Creator software

Step 3:
Browse to File->New Project->Copy->Burn Disc Image to Disc

Step 4: Click on Browse and select the location of ISO image to burn as shown below:

Step 5:

Click on Burn Image button to start the burn

Once the burn is completed, the message "Your disc was created successfully" will be displayed and the DVD will be ejected. You now have the ISO image burnt on the DVD disc .

The same steps can be followed for burning the ISO image to a CD.

How to freeze Excel Rows or Columns

2009-08-08T16:51:00.007-04:00

Freeze Panes Row or Column:

If you want to freeze the top title row :Place your cursor to the next row below the title row in Column A.for e.g. title row is 1, place your cursor on A2 and go to Windows -> Freeze Pane. This will only freeze the top row.
Similarly, If you want to freeze the column:Place your cursor to the next column to the right of the column you want to freeze.for e.g. column A is to be freezed , place your cursor on B2 and go to Windows -> Freeze Pane. This will only freeze the Column A.
If you want to freeze particular Row and a Particular column: Place you cursor to next row below the row to be freezed and also to the next column to the right of the column to be freezed. for e.g. columns A and B is to be freezed and row 1 is to be freezed for the excel file. So, place your cursor on C2. This will freeze the area before that.

Dictionary of Polymer Science & Technology Terms - A Part 3

2009-08-08T13:21:00.003-04:00

Previous Part: Dictionary of Polymer Science & Technology Terms - A Part 2

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene resin (ABS): ABS is a polyphasic material. ABS polymers are amorphous polymers readily synthesised by adding styrene and acrylonitrile to a polybutadiene latex. In the resulting polymer, some styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) is grafted on to the polybutadiene backbone chain while the remainder of the SAN forms a continuous matrix. It is the SAN grafted onto the polymer chains that makes the two phases compatible. This essentially gives ABS its strength and toughness. A wide range of ABS materials can be formulated from different combinations of the above three components. It is particularly important to take into account the tendency ABS polymers have to creep, particularly at elevated temperatures. ABS materials also have poor solvent resistance, but they have high impact strength and lend themselves to processing by injection moulding. It has good impact resistance, very good structural strength and has a shiny impervious surface. It possesses high rigidity and impact strength, excellent abrasion resistance, excellent electrical properties, moisture, and creep resistance. ABS is resistant to inorganic salts, alkalies and many acids. It is commonly vacuum formed, molded or extruded. (Working Temperature Range: ‐25°C to +60°C). Applications of ABS include: computer and household appliance housings, crash helmets and electroplated bathroom furniture.

Activated monomer: Reactive species generated reversibly from a monomer. Note 1: Most frequently, the activated monomer is an anionic or cationic species Note 2: Examples include a deprotonated lactam, protonated cyclic ether, and a Lewis acid‐coordinated lactone.

Activated‐monomer polymerization: Chain polymerization in which propagation involves reaction between a growing chain‐end and an activated monomer. Note: Examples include the base‐catalyzed polymerization of lactams, the acid‐catalyzed polymerization of cyclic ethers, and the Lewis acid‐catalyzed polymerization of lactones.

Activator: Chemical to activate the curing reaction.

Active center: Location of the unpaired electron on a free radical where reactions take place. (See section on polymer synthesis)

Active center (in a chain polymerization): active site kinetic‐chain carrier Site on a chain carrier at which reaction occurs.
Note: The terms "active center" and "active site" are defined with reference to heterogeneous catalysis and the term "reactive site" is used within the definition of chain polymerization.

Active site (in a chain polymerization): See active center.

Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization (ADMET): Metathesis polymerization of an acylic diene monomer.
Note: An example is the metal‐catalyzed polymerization of hexa‐1,5‐diene to form poly(buta1,4‐diene) [poly(buta‐2‐ene‐1,4‐diyl)] and ethene as a by‐product.

Adapter: In an extruder, the portion of the die assembly that attaches the die to the extruder and provides a flow channel for the molten plastic between the extruder and the die.

Addition (or Polyaddition): Polymerization reaction in which no byproducts are formed. Also known as chain‐growth polymerisation. The mechanism in which large numbers of usually identical small molecules are joined together to rapidly form a single large molecule. This involves the addition of reactive centre (anion, cation, or unpaired electron) to a multiple bond to form a new bond and a new reactive centre ‐ which reacts with another multiple bond, et cetera... The finished chain then hangs around without reacting while more of the starting material reacts to form new polymer chains.

Next Part: Dictionary of Polymer Science & Technology Terms - A Part 4

Dictionary of Polymer Science & Technology Terms - A Part 2

2009-08-08T13:00:00.005-04:00

Previous Part: Dictionary of Polymer Science & Technology Terms - A Part 1

Acceptable runner/cavity ratio: runner systems designed for high pressure drops to minimize material usage and increase frictional heating in the runner.

Accumulator: A term used mainly with reference to blow moulding equipment which designates an auxiliary ram extruder which is used to provide extremely fast parison delivery. The accumulator cylinder is filled with plasticated melt coming from the extruder between parison deliveries or shots and is stored or accumulated until the plunger is required to delivery the next parison.

Acetal: An engineering thermoplastic introduced to industry in 1956 as a potential replacement for die‐cast metals. Acetal resins are produced by the polymerization of purified formaldehyde [CH2O] into both homopolymer and copolymer types. Industrial end‐users are very familiar with the acetals in the form of gears, bearings, bushings, cams, housings, conveyors and any number of moving parts in appliances, business machines, etc., Consumers may be more familiar with applications such as automotive door handles, seat belt components, plumbing fixtures, shaver cartridges, zippers and gas tank caps. Acetals are extremely rigid without being brittle. They have a high melting point, high strength, good frictional properties and resistance to fatigue.

Acid: A chemical substance usually corrosive to common metals (iron, aluminum, zinc). Acids are generally divided into two classes: (a) Strong mineral or inorganic acids such as sulfuric, phosphoric, hydrochloric or nitric, (b) Weak organic or natural acids such as acetic (vinegar), citric (citrus fruit juices), oxalic and fatty acids (oleic, palmitic, stearic, etc.).

Acid number: The weight in milligrams of KOH required to neutralize the pendant carboxylate groups in one gram of polymer. (See ASTM D 974 and D 604).

Acid scavenger: Additive having the ability to neutralize acidic species from a formulation. It is mainly used to prevent equipment corrosion and to improve the stability of the material. Families of acid scavenger are: Metallic Stearates, Hydrotalcite, Hydrocalumite or Zinc Oxide.

Acidity: A general term applying to substances on the acid side of neutral‐principally the degree of acidity (1 ‐ 7 on the pH scale, 7 being neutral).

Acrylic resin: Family of polymer that refers to large variety of products. They are all made by (co) polymerization of acrylic monomers, such as acrylates (Methyl, Ethyl, Butyl) or acrylic acid. Used in molding and extrusion compounds.

Acrylic‐based Impact Modifier: Generally core‐shell particules containing an acrylic core used for impact modification of rigid PVC or impact modification of engineering polymers.

Acrylonitrile: Unsaturated hydrocarbon containing nitrogen (CH2=CHCN), part of nitrile rubber, NBR.

Next Part: Dictionary of Polymer Science & Technology Terms - A Part 3

Cabinet ministers of India 15th Lok Sabha 2009

2009-08-06T23:11:00.002-04:00

Dr. Manmohan Singh Prime Minister, Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions, Ministry of Planning, Department of Atomic Energy, Department of Space and Ministry of Culture
Shri Pranab Mukherjee Minister of Finance
Shri Sharad Pawar Minister of Agriculture and Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution
Shri A.K. Antony Minister of Defence
Shri P. Chidambaram Minister of Home Affairs
Km. Mamata Banerjee Minister of Railways
Shri S.M. Krishna Minister of External Affairs
Shri Virbhadra Singh Minister of Steel
Shri Vilasrao Deshmukh Minister of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises
Shri Ghulam Nabi Azad Minister of Health and Family Welfare
Shri Sushilkumar Shinde Minister of Power
Shri M. Veerappa Moily Minister of Law and Justice
Dr. Farooq Abdullah Minister of New and Renewable Energy
Shri S. Jaipal Reddy Minister of Urban Development
Shri Kamal Nath Minister of Road Transport and Highways
Shri Vayalar Ravi Minister of Overseas Indian Affairs
Shri Dayanidhi Maran Minister of Textiles
Shri A. Raja Minister of Communications and Information Technology
Shri Murli Deora Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Smt. Ambika Soni Minister of Information and Broadcasting
Shri Mallikarjun Kharge Minister of Labour and Employment
Shri Kapil Sibal Minister of Human Resource Development
Shri B.K. Handique Minister of Mines and Minister of Development of North Eastern Region
Shri Anand Sharma Minister of Commerce and Industry
Shri C.P. Joshi Minister of Rural Development and Minister of Panchayati
RajKumari Selja Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation and Minister of Tourism
Shri Subodh Kant Sahay Minister of Food Processing Industries
Dr. M.S. Gill Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports
Shri G.K. Vasan Minister of Shipping
Shri Pawan Kumar Bansal Minister of Parliamentary Affairs and Minister of Water Resources
Shri Mukul Wasnik Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment
Shri Kantilal Bhuria Minister of Tribal Affairs
Shri M.K. Alagiri Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers

Source:
http://cabsec.nic.in/coumin.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Republic_of_India

Dictionary of Polymer Science & Technology Terms - A Part 1

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A-Stage: An early stage in the reaction of certain thermosetting resins in which the material is fusible and still soluble in certain liquids. (See also B Stage and C Stage)

Ablative Plastics: This description applies to a material which absorbs heat (while part of it is being consumed by heat) through a decomposition process known as pyrolysis, which takes place in the near surface layer exposed to heat.

Abrasion: Progressive wearing away of a surface in service by mechanical action such as scraping, rubbing, or erosion. Wearing away by friction.

Abrasion Resistance: The ability of a material to withstand/resist surface wear such as mechanical actions rubbing, scraping, or erosion, that tends progressively to remove material from it's surface when in dynamic contact with an abrasive surface.

Abrasive Wear: Wear caused by the continual contact, under pressure of hard particles in the resins against the barrel lining, screw and valve components. The abrasive particles may be fillers or reinforcements, such as fibreglass, calcium carbonate, powdered metals and others.

Absorption (Light): Decrease in directional transmittance of incident radiation (such as light), resulting in a modification or conversion of the absorbed energy, into heat, for example. Light incident on a specimen may be partially reflected, partially transmitted, or partially absorbed.

Absorption: Not to be confused with adsorption, absorption is one substance is taken up into the interior of another ‐ adsorption with a ’d’ is entirely a surface effect. Examples are the swelling of a poly (acrylamide) polymer with aqueous solution (in a disposable nappy) or the dissolution of carbon dioxide in seawater (one of the possible antidotes to global warming that crop up in models of world climate.

Absolute Viscosity Of a fluid: the tangential force on unit area of either of two parallel planes at unit distance apart when the space between the planes is filled with the fluid in question and one of the planes moves with unit differential velocity in its own plane. The C.G.S unit for absolute (or dynamic) viscosity is the poise (dyne‐sec./sq.cm.). The centipoise (0.01 poise is often used.

Abuse resistance: Resistance of a polymer to physical damage by rought treatment

Accelerator: Chemical additive that hastens cure or chemical reaction, but does not necessarily cause the chemical reaction. Chemical added to increase curing rate. Syn. Promoter

Next Part: Dictionary of Polymer Science & Technology Terms - A Part 2

Different Stages of the Project

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Scrabble Jokes

2009-08-06T13:34:00.003-04:00

DORMITORY: